Is the anatomical sequence of gastric and biliary anastomosis in the pancreatoduodenectomy reconstruction the cause of an increase in the incidence of cholangitis? a technical variant presentation and initial results / A sequência anatômica da anastomose gástrica e biliar na reconstrução da pancreatoduodenectomia é a causa de aumento da incidência de colangite? apresentação de variante técnica e resultados iniciais

ABSTRACT - BACKGROUND: Several methods have been proposed for the reconstruction of digestive transit after pancreatoduodenectomy. Biliary anastomosis positioned before gastric anastomosis helps reduce postoperative reflux and cholangitis. AIMS: The objective of this study was to present the anatomical sequence of gastric and biliary continuity after pancreatoduodenectomy in patients with pancreatic tumor and to evaluate the short- and long-term results in an initial series of cases. METHODS: Two techniques were used: one with Roux-en-Y reconstruction and pancreaticojejunostomy and the other with a single jejunal loop and pancreatogastroanastomosis. In both the cases, the gastric anastomosis was placed performed before the biliary one. An analysis of demographic data, Wirsung's duct and common bile duct dilatation, the use of percutaneous drainage, and postoperative complications was carried out. RESULTS: A total of seven patients (four men and three women), with a mean age of 62 years, underwent surgery. All cases had Wirsung's duct and common bile duct dilatation. A percutaneous external biliary drainage was performed in four patients. There were three postoperative complications: one related to delayed gastric emptying and two related to wound infections. During a median follow-up of 12 months, no episode of cholangitis was recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated percentages of cholangitis are reported in different reconstructions after pancreatoduodenectomy, and it is difficult to conclude reflux as the main etiology. The proposed gastric and biliary reconstructions show conforming results, facilitating posterior endoscopic access. Late follow-up and large number of cases may help assess whether the etiology of postoperative cholangitis is reflux or other factors unrelated to the order of the anastomoses.

RESUMO - RACIONAL: Múltiplas são as propostas de reconstrução do trânsito digestivo após as pancreadoduodenectomias. A anastomoses biliar posicionada antes da anastomose gástrica oferece argumentos de evitar refluxo e colangite pós-operatória. OBJETIVOS: apresentar a técnica de continuidade gástrica e biliar com sequência anatômica após pancreatoduodenectomia em portadores de adenocarcinoma de pâncreas e avaliar os resultados em uma série inicial de casos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizadas duas técnicas, uma com reconstrução em Y de Roux e pancreaticojejunostomia e outra com alça única de jejuno e pancreatogastroanastomose. Em ambos, a anastomose gástrica foi colocada antes da biliar. E análise de dados demográficos, dilatação do ducto de Wirsung e ducto biliar comum, uso de drenagem percutânea e complicações pós-operatórias. RESULTADOS: Foram operados 7 doentes: 4 homens e 3 mulheres, com média de idade de 62 anos. Todos os casos apresentavam dilatação do ducto de Wirsung e ducto biliar comum. Em 4 dos casos foi realizada drenagem biliar externa percutânea. Ocorreram 3 complicações pós-operatórias, 1 esvaziamento gástrico retardado e 2 infecções de ferida operatória. Durante o acompanhamento médio de 12 meses, não foram registrados episódios de colangite. CONCLUSÕES: Porcentagens elevadas de colangite são relatadas nas diferentes reconstruções após pancreatodudenectomias, sendo difícil atribuir de forma absoluta o refluxo como a principal etiologia. As reconstruções gástrica e biliar propostas são mais harmoniosas, além de facilitar o acesso endoscópico posterior. Seguimento tardio e número maior de casos, pode esclarecer se a etiologia da colangite pós-operatória pode ser o refluxo ou a outros fatores não relacionados à ordem das anastomoses.

Dilataciones quísticas congénitas de las vías biliares (primera parte). Vías biliares intrahepáticas / Congenital bile duct cystic dilatation (part 1). Intrahepatic bile ducts

RESUMEN La enfermedad de Caroli es una enfermedad infrecuente que requiere un alto índice de sospecha para su diagnóstico. Puede afectar un segmento hepático, un lóbulo o todo el hígado; suele generar episodios repetidos de colangitis. Existe una amplia gama de propuestas terapéuticas que oscilan desde el tratamiento médico hasta el trasplante de hígado. En este trabajo presentamos 3 casos, realizamos una revisión de la literatura y proponemos una ampliación de la clasificación de Alonso-Lej modificada por Todani que, a nuestra manera de ver, tiene implicaciones a la hora de seleccionar un tratamiento.

ABSTRACT Caroli's disease is a rare condition, and its diagnosis requires high level of suspicion. The disease may affect one segment, one lobe or the entire liver, and may result in repeated episodes of cholangitis. The disease can be managed using different therapeutic approaches ranging from medical treatment to liver transplantation. In this paper we report 3 cases with review of the literature and propose a modification of the classification by Alonso-Lej modified by Todani which we believe may be useful to guide treatment.

There are no advantages between laparoscopic and open liver resections within an enhanced recovery program (eras) / Não há vantagens entre as ressecções hepáticas laparoscópicas e abertas dentro de um programa de recuperação avançada (eras/acerto)

ABSTRACT Background: The use of a successful Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) in colorectal surgery favored its application in other organs, and hepatic resections were not excluded from this tendency. Some authors suggest that the laparoscopic approach is a central element to obtain better results. Aim: To compare the laparoscopic vs. open hepatic resections within an ERAS to evaluate if there are any differences between them. Methods: In a descriptive study 80 hepatic resections that were divided into two groups, regarding to whether they were submitted to laparoscopy or open surgery. Demographic data, those referring to the hepatectomy and the ERAS was analyzed. Results: Forty-seven resections were carried out in open surgery and the rest laparoscopically; in the first group there was only one conversion to open surgery. Of the total, 17 resections were major hepatectomies and in 18 simultaneous resections. There were no differences between procedures regarding hospital stay and number of complications. There was a greater adherence to the ERAS (p=0.046) and a faster ambulation (p=0.001) in the open surgery. Conclusion: The procedure, whether open or laparoscopically done in hepatic resections, does not seem to show differences in an ERAS evaluation.

RESUMO Racional: O uso do protocolo Recuperação Otimizada Após Cirurgia (ERAS/ACERTO) com sucesso na cirurgia colorretal favoreceu a aplicação dele em outros órgãos; as ressecções hepáticas não foram excluídas dessa tendência. Alguns autores sugerem que a abordagem laparoscópica é elemento central para a obtenção de melhores resultados. Objetivo: Comparar as ressecções hepáticas laparoscópicas e abertas dentro de um ACERTO para avaliar se existem diferenças entre as duas técnicas. Métodos: Estudo descritivo comparando 80 ressecções hepáticas divididas em dois grupos, as realizadas por laparoscopia e aquelas por laparotomia. Foram analisados dados demográficos, referentes à hepatectomia e ao ACERTO. Resultados: Foram realizadas 47 ressecções por laparotomia e o restante por laparoscopia; houve apenas uma conversão para laparotomia no grupo da laparoscopia. Do total, 17 ressecções foram hepatectomias maiores e em 18 ressecções simultâneas. Não houve diferenças entre os procedimentos quanto ao tempo de internação e número de complicações. Houve maior adesão ao ACERTO (p=0,046) e deambulação mais rápida (p=0,001) na operação aberta. Conclusão: O procedimento, seja laparotômico ou laparoscópico nas ressecções hepáticas, não parece mostrar diferenças em uma avaliação ERAS/ACERTO.

Experiencia en Tumores Neuroendocrinos del Tracto Gastrointestinal / Experience in Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Gastrointestinal Tract

Antecedentes: Los TNE-GEP son raros y se originan en el sistema endocrino localizado en el tubo gastrointestinal (carcinoides) y en el páncreas (tumores insulares) con una gran variedad de presentaciones clínicas. Diseño: Cooperativo, Retrospectivo y protocolizado Material y Métodos: Entre enero del 2005 y diciembre del 2018, un trabajo cooperativo, con el Servicio de Guardia Central del HNC, Servicio de Cirugía General "Pablo Luis Mirizzi" del HNC y Clínica Privada Caraffa, se intervinieron quirúrgicamente 24 pacientes con TNEGEP. Del total, 14 pertenecían al sexo femenino (58.3 %) y los 10 restantes al masculino (41.6 %), con un rango etario entre 20 y 82 años de edad con un promedio de 55.3 años. Resultados: La localizaciones fueron 4 de estómago (16.6 %), 14 en intestino (58.3 %) y finalmente 6 en la cabeza del páncreas (25 %). En relación al estómago en los 4 pacientes se llevó a cabo una gastrectomía total y la anatomía patológica en tres demostró carcinoma neuroendocrino de bajo grado y el cuarto de alto grado, falleciendo esta última. Las lesiones de intestino 5 de apéndice menores de 1 cm. La anatomía patológica fue apendicitis aguda más, un Carcinoma neuroendocrino de bajo grado. En región ileocecal, en cuatro se realizó hemicolectomía derecha. En tres eran carcinoma de bajo grado que viven y cuarto de alto grado con mtts hepáticas que falleció. En tres de íleon todos fueron oclusivos, llevándose a cabo resecciones intestinales, en dos carcinomas de bajo grado y ultimo de moderado grado con metástasis (mtts) hepáticas que vive. Los tumores de colon fueron, uno ascendente con mtts hepáticas y se realizó colectomía derecha más resecciones hepáticas, siendo la anatomía patológica un carcinoma de alto grado y otro un colon descendente de bajo grado. Las 6 lesiones de páncreas, 3 fueron no funcionantes y otras tres funcionantes. A todos se les practico DPC. Conclusiones: Los TNE-GEP son una patología rara cuya frecuencia es de aparición constante. Con la mejora de los métodos de imágenes, nos encontramos ante un aumento de la presunción preoperatoria y ante sus mejores posibilidades oncológicas, una patología que todo cirujano debe conocer y pensar.

Background: Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT)- are rare and are originated in the endocrine system located in the gastrointestinal tract (carcinoids) and in the pancreas (islet cell tumors) with a variety of clinical presentations. Design: Cooperative, retrospective. Method: Between January 2005 and December 2018, a cooperative work in the Central Guard Service of the HNC, General Surgery Service "Pablo Luis Mirizzi" of the HNC and Caraffa Private Clinic, 24 patients with NET-GIT underwent surgical treatment. Of the total, 14 were females (58.3%) and the remaining 10 (41.6%) were men aged 20 to 82 years, with an average of 55.3 years. Results: The locations were 4 in the stomach (16.6%), 14 in the intestine (58.3%) and finally, 6 in the head of the pancreas (25%). In relation to the stomach, in 4 patients total gastrectomies were performed, and the pathological anatomy in three demonstrated a low-grade of neuroendocrine carcinoma and in the fourth a high degree; the latter. 5 patients died with a clinical presentation of acute appendicitis. The pathological anatomy was further acute appendicitis, a low-grade of neuroendocrine carcinoma.In the ileum-cecal region,and four of it underwent a right colectomy. In three there was a low-grade living and fourth high-grade carcinoma with liver mtts who died. In three of the ileum all were occlusive, carrying out intestinal resections, in two low- and last-grade moderate-grade carcinomas with living liver metastasis (mtts).. The colonic tumors were, one ascending with hepatic mtts and right colectomy more liver resections, with pathological anatomy being a high-grade carcinoma and another a low-grade in the descending colon. From the 6 pancreatic lesions, 3 were non-functioning and three functioning. All patients were operated of CPD. Conclusion: NET-GIT is a rare pathology but whose frequency is in constantly rise With improved imaging methods, we are faced with an increase in preoperative presumption and in the face of its best oncological possibilities, a pathology that every surgeon must know and think about.

RESECCIÓN DE PANCREATODUODENECTOMÍA CEFÁLICA. TÉCNICA, MORBILIDAD Y MORTALIDAD (PARTE 1) / Cephalic pancreatoduodenectomy resection Technique, morbidity and mortality (Part 1)

Antecedentes: La duodenopancreatectomía cefálica (D.P.C.) es el procedimiento quirúrgico aceptado para el tratamiento de los tumores malignos y benignos del confluente bilio-duodenopancreático. Lugar de aplicación: hospital nacional de clínicas y clínica privada. Diseño: estudio protocolizado y prospectivo. Material y método: entre diciembre 2000 y diciembre 2014 se operaron 96 dpc. De ellos, 54 del sexo masculino y 42 del femenino, cuyas edades oscilaron entre 27 y 79 años de edad (media de 59 años). El promedio del período de tiempo entre el inicio de los síntomas y la primera consulta fue de 81 días (rango 10 a 129 días). A todos los pacientes se les llevo a cabo ecografía y tac de abdomen. Resultados: con respecto a la mortalidad dentro de los 30 días, fallecieron 5 pacientes (4, 80 %). Posteriormente, fallecieron dentro de los 90 días 5 pacientes más (9,3 %). Con respecto a la morbilidad, las dividimos en clínicas que fueron 17 pacientes (16,32 %) y 50 fueron quirúrgicas (48 %). Dentro de ellas la fistula pancreática estuvo en 32 pacientes (30,72 %). Con respecto al vaciamiento gástrico estuvo presente en 19 (18,24 %) y finalmente 5 (4,80 %) tuvieron una hemorragia intra peritoneal. Ocho pacientes tuvieron una fistula biliar (7,62 %). Conclusiones: los resultados de nuestro trabajo, apoyan el concepto que cirujanos con bajo volumen de d.P.C. Anuales, pero con una estricta formación en instituciones con infraestructura adecuada y un equipo multidisciplinario, pueden también obtener buenos resultados en las lesiones malignas y benignas del confluente bilio-duodeno-pancreático

Background: Cephalic pancreatoduodenectomy (CPD) is the surgical procedure of choice accepted for the management of both the malignant and the benign tumors of the bilio- duodeno pancreatic confluence. Setting: Clinico- National Hospital and private practice. Desing: protocoled and prospective study. Methods: between december 2000 and december 2014, 96 cpd have been operated. Of these, 54 were men and 42 were women, with ages ranged between 27 to 79 years (average 59 years). The time between the onset of symptoms and the first consultation period. Averaged 81 days (range 10-129 days). All the patients were submitted to ultrasound and ct of the abdomen. Results: with reference to mortality within 30 days, 5 patients (4, 80%) died. Subsequently, 5 more patients died within 90 days (9.3%). With reference to morbidity, we divided them in two, clinicals that were 17 patients (16.32%) And 50 were surgical (48%). Within pancreatic fistula included 32 patients (30, 72%). With reference to the gastric emptying, it was present in 19 (18.24%) And finally 5 (4.80%) Had intra peritoneal bleeding. In addition, 8 patients had a biliary fistula (7.62%). Conclusions: the results of our study support the concept that surgeons with low volume of cpd annually, but with strict training in institutions with adequate infraestructure and a multidisciplinary team, can also obtain good results in the malignant and benign lesions of the biliary-duodeno-pancreatic confluence.

Resultados de la aplicación de un programa Enhanced Recovery (ERP) en resecciones hepáticas abiertas / Results of the implementation of an enhanced recovery program (ERP) in open liver resections

Antecedentes: los programas fast-track en cirugía hepática muestran ventajas con respecto al manejo perioperatorio tradicional al favorecer principalmente una disminución de la estancia hospitalaria y, por ende, de los costos hospitalarios. Material y métodos: en un estudio observacional y descriptivo se analizan resecciones hepáticas abiertas dentro de un programa de recuperación rápida, haciendo especial hincapié en la adherencia a este, la recuperación total de los enfermos, la morbilidad y la estancia hospitalaria. Resultados: se realizaron 32 hepatectomías en 30 pacientes, 27 de los cuales fueron oncológicos. La adherencia al programa utilizado fue del 78,1% y la recuperación total al momento del alta del 75%. La morbilidad fue del 12,5% y las complicaciones fueron de baja complejidad, aunque 2 pacientes necesitaron reingresar. La estancia hospitalaria tuvo una media de 3,4 días y, sumando los reingresos, de 3,6 días. Conclusión: la aplicación de un ERP en cirugía hepática no solo es factible sino trae aparejada como principal beneficio una disminución en la estancia hospitalaria y, por ende, de los costos. Pero no estamos convencidos de que un ERP mejore la morbilidad de los pacientes.

Background: Background: Fast-track programs in liver surgery offer advantages over traditional perioperative management, particularly in terms of reducing length of hospital stay and hospital costs. Material and methods: We conducted an observational and descriptive analysis of patients undergoing open liver resections as part of an enhanced recovery program. Adherence to the program, full recovery of the patients, complications and length of hospital stay were assessed. Results: A total of 32 liver resections were performed in 30 patients, 27 with cancer. The adherence to the program was 78.1% and full recovery on discharge was 75%. The incidence of complications was 12.5%; most of them were not severe but two patients required rehospitalization. Mean length of hospital stay was 3.4 days and 3.6 days when readmissions were considered. Conclusion: The implementation of an ERP after liver resections is feasible and offers advantages in terms of reducing length of hospital stay and hospital costs. We do not think that ERP improves morbidity in these patients.

Fístula pancreática posduodenopancreatectomía: Pancreatogastrostomía vs. Pancreatoyeyunostomía / Pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy: Pancreaticogastrostomy vs. Pancreaticojejunostomy

Antecedentes: la duodenopancreatectomía (DPC) continúa siendo el tratamiento de elección para los tumores periampulares. Con una mortalidad de alrededor del 5% y una morbilidad que puede llegar a alrededor del 50%, la fístula pancreática es todavía la complicación preponderante. Diversos autores sostienen que la anastomosis del páncreas con el estómago tiene menor índice de fístula que cuando se realiza con el yeyuno. Objetivo: comparar la incidencia de fístula pancreática en las pancreatogastrostomías (PG) versus pancreatoyeyunostomías (PY). Evaluar algunos factores de riesgo de fístula. Material y métodos: se evaluaron 91 DPC, 43 de ellas con reconstrucción con PG y 48 con PY. Se evaluaron datos demográficos, quirúrgicos, y se comparó la incidencia de fístula entre ambos. Resultados: la incidencia global de fístula fue de 13 pacientes (14,3%), 5 de las cuales fueron de relevancia clínica. En la comparación de ambos grupos hubo diferencias en cuanto a edad y número de pacientes con Wirsung < 3 mm, el resto de los parámetros fue similar. No hubo diferencias entre ambos grupos con respecto a la cantidad de fístulas (p: 0,478). Respecto de la evaluación de factores predisponentes para fístula, tan solo un diámetro del Wirsung < 3 mm fue significativo. Conclusión: en nuestra serie y al igual que en otras no hubo diferencias en cuanto a fístulas pancreáticas entre PG y PY, lo que nos permite inferir que la adopción y confección sistemática de una ellas obtendrá los mejores resultados.

Background: Pancreaticoduodenectomy is still the treatment of choice in patients with periampullary tumors. Pancreatic fistula is the most common complication with a mortality rate of 5% and 50% of morbidity. Some authors state that the anastomosis of the pancreas with the stomach would decrease the incidence of pancreatic fistula when compared with pancreaticojejunostomy. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of pancreatic fistula after pacreaticogastrostomy (PG) versus pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) and analyze the risk factors associated with the development of fistula. Material and methods: 91 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy were evaluated; 43 with PG reconstruction and 48 with PJ reconstruction. Demographic and surgical data were evaluated and the incidence of pancreatic fistula with both techniques was compared Results: The incidence of fistula for the total series was 14.3% (n = 13) and 5 were clinically relevant. There were differences in age and pancreatic duct diameter < 3 mm between the groups. The incidence of fistula was similar in both groups (p = 0.478). Pancreatic duct diameter < 3 mm was the only significant predisposing factor for the development of fistula. Conclusion: In our series, and in coincidence with others, there were no differences in the incidence of pancreatic fistulas between PG and PJ. Practicing and mastering a repetitive, standardized technique would yield the best results.

Utilización del Índice de Mannheim como un score predictivo en el Abdomen Agudo Perforativo / USEFULNESS OF THE MANNHEIM PERITONITIS INDEX AS A PREDICTIVE SCORE IN THE PERFORATED ACUTE ABDOMEN

Se presenta un estudio prospectivo y protocolizado de129 pacientes, operados de urgencia por abdomen agudo perforado, en el Hospital Nacional de Clínicas durante el período comprendido de abril del 2004 a diciembre del 2016. El propósito fue determinar la morbi-mortalidad. Los principales afectados fueron mujeres entre 65 y 75 años. Se destaca como principal causa de intervención la afectación del colon en su totalidad. Las complicaciones sépticas y la insuficiencia renal, son los desórdenes que prevalecieron. Aplicación práctica del índice de peritonitis de Mannheim. El abdomen agudo perforado es un cuadro con alta tasa de mortalidad en el adulto mayor

A prospective and protocolized study of 129 patients, who underwent emergency surgery for perforated acute abdomen at the Hospital Nacional de Clínicas during the period from April 2004 to December 2016, is presented. The purpose was to determine the morbidity and mortality of this entity. Mainly affected were women between 65 and 75 years old. The leading cause for intervention was the colonic involvement, in its entirely. Septic complications and renal failure were the disorders that prevailed. Practical application of Mannheim peritonitis index was performed. The perforated acute abdomen is a picture with a high rate of mortality in the elderly.